Existential therapy emerged largely as a response to limitations in which therapeutic perspectives?

Existential therapy developed as a reaction to the limitations found in psychoanalytic and deterministic approaches. These traditional frameworks often focused on unconscious drives, early childhood experiences, and predetermined behavioral patterns that could overshadow the individual's capacity for personal choice and freedom. In contrast, existential therapy emphasizes personal agency, choice, and the search for meaning as central to the human experience.

The existential perspective seeks to address the human condition by encouraging individuals to confront their existence, embrace their freedom, and make authentic choices in a world that may often feel absurd or meaningless. The approach serves as a counterpoint to the deterministic views in psychoanalysis, which can imply that individuals are largely products of their past or external circumstances without acknowledging their potential for self-determination and change.

Therefore, this answer highlights the philosophical underpinnings of existential therapy and its intention to empower individuals to lead meaningful lives, contrasting sharply with the deterministic tendencies of earlier therapeutic models.